Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg
Zuckerkandl, Emil; Zuckerkandl, Jane
1970, 1979, 1986

In a series of papers dating to the 1960s, among which several with Linus Pauling, Emile Zuckerkandl outlined the basic tenets of the field of molecular evolution at the time of the field's inauguration. In this connection, Zuckerkandl and Pauling proposed the existence of an evolutionary molecular clock, which has since been widely used for the approximate dating of past evolutionary events. Zuckerkandl later was active in the field of "regulomics", which explores the regulatory relationships among genes, and concerned himself in particular with functions of so-called junk DNA, with functions of retrotransposons, as well as with the evolution of complexity in gene interaction systems.

After founding and directing the Research Center of Macromolecular Biochemistry from 1965 to 1975 in Montpellier, France, Zuckerkandl directed the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine in Palo Alto, California from 1980 to 1992. He was the founder of the Journal of Molecular Evolution and was its Editor in Chief from 1971 to 2000.

In a 1996 interview with Gregory Morgan, conducted on behalf of California Institute of Technology, Dr. Zuckerkandl talked about the connection between himself and both Lederbergs, as it related to Carl Sagan (Esther was good friends with Sagan's wife Ruth), Linus Pauling, and A.I. Oparin. See:
      http://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/evolution/public/clock/zuckerkandl.html

Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg was acquainted with other people, such as Aldous Huxley, J. Robert Oppenheimer, etc. Unfortunately, we have insufficient details on these relationships to provide useful information on this website. It is likely that details can be found in the archives for these other individuals.
  1. Zuckerkandl, Emil; Zuckerkandl, Jane: Oct. 17, 1970 (716 Alvarado Row)
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  2. Zuckerkandl, E.; Lederberg, E. M.; Cameron, E.; Zuckerkandl, J.: Jan. 1, 1979
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  3. Cameron, Ewan; Zuckerkandl, E.; Zuckerkandl, J.: Jan. 1, 1979
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  4. Zuckerkandl, Emile; Cameron, Ewan: Jan. 1, 1979
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  5. Zuckerkandl, Jane; Cameron, Ewan: Jan. 1, 1979
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  6. Lederberg, Esther M. Zimmer; Zuckerkandl, Emile: 1986